Describe an important character and explain why they are important. :: English Literature

Describe an important character and explain why they are important. Lord of the Flies by William Golding - RalphDescribe an important character and explain why they are important.An important character in Lord of the Flies by William Golding isRalph. Ralph is a strong attractor in the book who all the boys respect,and he is the person who first tries to draw an order on the island.In some ways Ralphs motivation for being a good, powerful leader ishis longing for home. Ralphs relationship with another boy on theisland, Jack is very important also.From the beginning of the book Ralph takes charge over his impertinentlyacquainted companion Piggy. When he calls the other boys together hetakes control over the entire group and his leadership is acknowledgedby the majority of the boys right to vote for him as chief. With his powerRalph makes many important decisions, such as building huts andstarting a signal fire which he thinks is most important. This isillustrated when he says ther e was a ship you said youd keep thesmoke going. Ralphs leadership is what keeps the order among theboys on the island.Ralphs desire for home is what drives him to lead the group of boysand to keep an tasteful society on the island. Creating the signal firewas Ralphs only way to get home and it is clear he knows this when hetells Jack No fire, no smoke, no rescue. This shows Ralphs passionfor their rescue, for his home and for the fire. Ralphs longing forhome is important because it is from this that he bases his decisionson and its his decisions that get the boys home. We all have acraving for love, warmth and home, but it is not until we are withoutthese that it becomes obvious.When Ralph finds a conch shell and uses it to call the boys from allover the island, they come running. The conch is a very powerful tool.When the boys have settled the conch is used to control the boys andto create an order on the island. A rule is set out by Ralph using theconch, Whoever has the conch has got the right to talk. This showsthe conchs power and Ralphs leaderhsip. Again, Ralphs determinationfor an ordered society is driven by his wanting to go home.Ralph has strong relationships with many of the boys on the island,but his relationship with Jack is most important of all. Ralphsrelationship with Jack begins like the others, with intimacy and

The Social Effects of Television Essay -- TV Media

The Social Effects of television The social effects of television are numerous and definitely divert in irresponsible and negative ways. Since television was first introduced its been a very large part of Americas society. Television started as a form of entertainment that would be watched by the family for an hour a night as a relaxing way of getting away from the stresses of real life. Television has now turned into whizz of the biggest industries in the world, and has more influence than anyone could take in imagined. Many people view television as a very positive form of entertainment, as it is without a doubt the most popular kind in the world. There are also those people who say that television is sack to be the downfall of our society and we are becoming much to dependent on it.Television allows the viewer to leave their everyday life and enter into a world full of fun, adventure, and even go to sleep. Television is now used by many children for educational purpo ses. Everyone has seen at least a little of Barney, a immortalise that helpers kids learn the alphabet and many life lessons as well. There are now tens if not hundreds of shows that are same Barney broadcast all over the world. These shows help a child develop the social skills that one needs at such a young age. Television can be argued to have brought families together. It whitethorn not be good that dinner is served in front of the television every so often, but at least the family is together. In this world of fast-flying paced activity, it is hard to find a family that actually sits down to dinner more than once a week. Television is arguably the best form of media and current entropy that can be found. Everyday of the week, 24 hours a day a person can find current news b... ...their lives are nothing like the ones seen on television. Television is fast-paced, exciting, and very often a little overboard. A large drawback of television is that many people, women and men, perceive themselves as less of a person. Often, one is not as beautiful or as handsome as a person seen on television. Or one is not as smart, or as good at sports as people on television. Television can be seen as a very good thing to have come out of the 20th Century, and it can be seen as something that should never have been invented. There is no arguing though about the dependency and love many people have for television. Much of the world, especially America, depends on television for a great range of things from education, to information, to entertainment. Television has shaped and changed our society and our world in ways that can never be fully understood.

Priest Celibacy :: essays research papers

fundamentalist attacks on priestly virtue come in a number of different formsnot all(a) compatible with one another. There is almost no other subject about which so many different discombobulations exist. The first and most basic confusion is thinking of priestly celibacy as a dogma or doctrinea central and irreformable part of the faith, believed by Catholics to come from Jesus and the apostles. in that respectfore some Fundamentalists make a great deal of a biblical reference to Peters mother-in-law (Mark 130), apparently supposing that, if Catholics only knew that Peter had been get hitched with, they would be unable to regard him as the first pope. Again, Fundamentalist time lines of "Catholic inventions" (a popular literary form) assign "mandatory priestly celibacy" to this or that family in Church history, as if prior to this requirement the Church could not have been Catholic. These Fundamentalists are often surprised to learn that even today celibacy is not the rule for all Catholic priests. In fact, for Eastern Rite Catholics, married priests are the norm, just as they are for Orthodox and Oriental Christians. level(p) in the Eastern churches, though, there have always been some restrictions on marriage and ordination. Although married men may become priests, unmarried priests may not marry, and married priests, if widowed, may not remarry. Moreover, there is an ancient Eastern discipline of choosing bishops from the ranks of the celibate monks, so their bishops are all unmarried. The tradition in the Western or Latin-Rite Church has been for priests as well as bishops to take vows of celibacy, a rule that has been firmly in place since the early Middle Ages. Even today, though, exceptions are made. For example, there are married Latin-Rite priests who are converts from Lutheranism and Episcopalianism. As these variations and exceptions indicate, priestly celibacy is not an unchangeable dogma but a disciplinary rule. The fact th at Peter was married is no more contrary to the Catholic faith than the fact that the pastor of the nearest Maronite Catholic church is married. Is Marriage Mandatory?Another, quite different Fundamentalist confusion is the notion that celibacy is unbiblical, or even "unnatural." Every man, it is claimed, must obey the biblical injunction to "Be fruitful and multiply" (Gen. 128) and capital of Minnesota commands that "each man should have his own wife and each woman her own husband" (1 Cor. 72). It is even argued that celibacy somehow "causes," or at least correlates with higher incidence of, illicit sexual behavior or perversion.

The I-Function And Alzheimers Disease: Where is The Person? Essay

The I-Function And Alzheimers Disease Where is The Person?Alzheimers disease (AD) is a serious form of dementia that involves the destruction of brain cells, and ultimately leads to death (1). What makes AD such(prenominal) a frightening disease, for both the persevering and their family members, is the loss of self associated with the dementia. Those afflicted with AD cant understand the changes going on within themselves. Family members are upset by the loss of the person they once knew. It is common for daughters (for example) to say that a mother in the later stages of AD is not their mom because the genius displayed by the patient is so different from the spirit they associate with mom. In order to decide how the sense of self of an AD patient is affected by the disease, it is necessary to decide what constitutes personality. In this discussion, the set of behaviors that an individual associates with the self of that individual will be considered as expressions of the person ality of the individual. There is strong support for the idea that personality is controlled by the functions of the central nervous system (CNS) (2). The specific area(s) of the CNS that controls the self can be labeled the I-function (2). An examination of the sense of self of a paraplegic suggests that the I-function may be specifically related to the functions of the brain, however, other areas of the CNS may still be involved with the I-function (2). The study of the effects of Alzheimers disease on the personality of AD patients suggests that the notion of an I-function within the brain regulating personality is quite reasonable. Alzheimers disease causes the death of large numbers of brain cells over a current of time thi... ...heimers.html(2) Grobstein, Paul. Lecture-Neurobiology and Behavior. Bryn Mawr College. January 29, 1998 (3) DEMENTIA (ALZHEIMERS) AMERICAN DESCRIPTION http//www.mentalhealth.com/p20-grp.html(4) ... http//neuro-www.mgh.harvard.edu/forum/AlzheimersDise aseF/Kash77.htmlA(5) ... http//neuro-www.mgh.harvard.edu/forum/AlzheimersDiseaseF/%20didyoufindananswer.html(6) DEMENTIA (ALZHEIMERS) MENTAL HEALTH OF THE ELDERLY http//www.mentalhealth.com/p20-grp.html(7) Deciphering the Miracles of the Mind , by Robert Lee Hotz of the LA generation http//www.latimes.com/HOME/NEWS/SCIENCE/REPORTS/%20THEBRAIN/brain.htm(8) ... http//neuro-www.mgh.harvard.edu/forum/AlzheimersDiseaseF/MyFeelingsAboutThis.html(9) Memories in the Making, a program of creative art expression for Alzheimer patients http//www.coa.uky.edu/ADReview/memories.htm

Araby Knight :: essays research papers

"Araby" Knight     The short story "Araby" by James Joyce could very wellhead be described as a deep poem written in prose. Read casually, it seems all but incomprehensible, nothing more than a serial of depressing impressions and memories thrown together in a jumble and somehow meant to depict a childhood infatuation. Like the sweet milk inside a coconut, the pleasure of this story comes only to the reader who is willing to put forth the intense effort necessary to comprehend it. Or like an onion, peeling run into one layer reveals yet another deeper, more pungent level. Practically every insignificant detail becomes vitally important and meaningful as the maculation progresses, until it becomes seeming that this story is not about romance at all but rather the "coming of age" that marks everyones passage into adulthood. This is especially apparent in the point of view, the symbolism of the first paragraph, and the character of the n arrator himself.     Crucial to an understanding of this story is a solid grasp of its point of view. It is important to agnize that the story is written from an adult perspective. This is revealed in at least two ways the style and tone or port.     The style of writing-its technical construction-is probably the near obvious. From the opening sentence on, the writing leaves no doubt that the author is mature and highly experienced He uses an exceptional vocabulary, he has a propensity for tropical language, and his sentences are full and well-developed. No child would have written the following sentence, exemplary of the entire story "The other houses of the street, conscious of decent lives within them, gazed at one another with brown imperturbable faces" (178). That is the work of a polished artist.     The tone of the story lends credence to this view. The narrator has matured and put the affair freighter h im. Looking back, he shakes his head and gently ridicules himself in a nostalgic and sad manner "her name was like a summons to all my incorrect blood" (179) "What innumerable follies laid waste my waking and sleeping thoughts . . . " (180). In so doing, he disengages himself from the emotions of the infatuation, subtly giving the story a detached air entirely in keeping with the adulthood of the narrator. The boys are portrayed accurately enough, but little ardor is infused into the narration. Despite its colorful, even picturesque language, it is matter-of-fact.

Araby Knight :: essays research papers

"Araby" Knight     The short story "Araby" by James Joyce could very well be described as a deep numbers create verbally in prose. Read casually, it seems all but incomprehensible, nothing more than a series of depressing impressions and memories thrown together in a patchwork quilt and somehow meant to depict a childhood infatuation. Like the sweet milk inside a coconut, the pleasure of this story comes only to the reader who is willing to specify forth the intense effort necessary to comprehend it. Or like an onion, peeling off one layer reveals yet another deeper, more biting level. Practically every insignificant detail becomes vitally important and meaningful as the plot progresses, until it becomes apparent that this story is not about romance at all but rather the "coming of age" that marks everyones passage into adulthood. This is especially apparent in the point of view, the symbolism of the first paragraph, and the character of the storyteller himself.     Crucial to an understanding of this story is a solid grasp of its point of view. It is important to recognize that the story is written from an adult perspective. This is revealed in at least two ways the style and tone or air.     The style of writing-its technical construction-is probably the most obvious. From the opening sentence on, the writing leaves no doubt that the designer is mature and highly experienced He uses an exceptional vocabulary, he has a propensity for figurative language, and his sentences are full and well-developed. No child would have written the following sentence, exemplary of the entire story "The other houses of the street, conscious of decent lives within them, gazed at one another with brown imperturbable faces" (178). That is the work of a polished artist.     The tone of the story lends credence to this view. The narrator has matured and put the affa ir behind him. Looking back, he shakes his head and gently ridicules himself in a nostalgic and sad manner "her name was like a summons to all my foolish blood" (179) "What innumerable follies laid waste my waking and quiescence thoughts . . . " (180). In so doing, he disengages himself from the emotions of the infatuation, subtly giving the story a detached air entirely in keeping with the adulthood of the narrator. The boys are visualized accurately enough, but little ardor is infused into the narration. Despite its colorful, even picturesque language, it is matter-of-fact.

Marriage and Social Class Essay

Many cultures categorize their society according to wealth, power, education, religion, ethnicity and occupation. These differences usually draw the lines that non all are willing to cross for different reasons. In America, the consequences when crossing kinfolkes are usually implemented by an individuals family and peers. If a individual decides to date or marry someone of a lower degree, the immediate concern would be if the soulfulness of a lower contour is interested for fiscal gain whereas, the person of a lower class whitethorn be concerned if they would be treated as an exist in the relationship.With these problems present the courting or marriage could be domed from the beginning or made to work harder at leveling the playing field. I believe love in lower class convocations build their foundation on love where relationships are concerned simply because high expectations are not placed upon them and they are secrete to love whomever their hearts desire. In the marri age market, characteristics such as income, education and occupation are key definitive qualities when looking for a perspective animateness long companion.In addition, the tendency of individuals to marry others with similar traits has important implications for social inequality, income redistri onlyion and education. However, there is still little understanding about what generates this assertive matching. One chess opening is that large number like to comply horizontal preferences when choosing a spouse to share similar characteristics of their own. This approach is believed to provide the security of longevity in love.However, sometimes people will experience an attraction to someone outside their social class whether its above or below but not always follow through due to timidity of failure or rejection from family and peers. According to Karl Marx, one percent of the population is considered swiftness class and their wealth is generally inherited. Members of this parti cular class are perceived as snobs by the lower classes because they tend to look down at anyone outside their circle. This group does not have to work but often serve as board of directors of major companies and they are careful to only socialize with peers of an elite group.In most cases, parents with young children are intellection ahead as to who would be a good match and what social events to come would provide excellent choices of companionship. Their expectations would be for their children to select a person of equal or greater than the wealth of their own. In many cases, if a selection of a lower class is the choice of an immediate family member there would be great consequences including releasing them from all or most of the familys wealth. Some would perceive the choice as rebellious and some may feel that its simply true love.If a person is made to feel that options are limited it may be an act of rebellious. However, if they stumble across a person they feel a connect ion with and is able to communicate on a level of satisfaction than the ability to proceed should be encouraged. Too often, members of the upper class enter the union of marriage because it meet or exceed the expectation of family and peers and later become unhappy with their choice. When this happens, they are reluctant to free themselves in fear of what others would think.Women in most marriages of the upper class are unhappy because the husband is usually away from the home on extended stays for multiple reasons. To claim the void of their husbands temporary absenteeism, they will keep themselves busy with charities, hobbies and the children if they are not away in boarding school. Although the divorce rate is low for this class infidelity is high. Because this class is very much secluded from the others, persons on the outside believe they must be happy in love assuming the problems of the lower class would not be an issue due to their wealth.In fact, many of the same problems exist such as communication, loneliness and loyalty to name a few. However, the upper middle class makes up approximately ten percent of the U. S. population and are successful business people, executives and high ranking civil and military officials (Long 2010). This group acquires their wealth from investments, savings and little of their wealth is inherited. The possibility of marriage within these groups is very likely to have longevity, mostly because it is expected of them although happiness with their spouse may not last the duration of the union.

Employees in management Essay

Any employee can acquire or possess characteristics that may describe him deserve a managerial train position. In addition to that, this is a part of the civil rights and so equality should also be upheld by large(p) everyone equal opportunities to a managerial level position. This paper intends to prove that indeed, Yes, businesses should grant all employees the opportunity to move into anxiety level positions (Sugarman n. . ). Explaining the first reason further, either employee can learn to become a good manager provided that he or she perseveres, learns from all his or her past experiences, and possesses the qualities of a person that can dungeon and run a management level position successfully (Sugarman n. p. ).Examples include the following in that respect atomic number 18 employees who are dedicate and serve for a reach instead of just carrying out what the job asks them to there are employees who gets inspired by advancement, the work itself, personal growth, and res ponsibility, instead of just recognition, achievement, affiliation, and power there are employees who have the capacity to innovate instead of just administer there are employees who can do the right things instead of just doing things right there are employees who are brilliant and can develop instead of just maintain there are employees who can keep and think of a longer-term survey there are employees who can challenge instead of just accept the status quo there are employees who can keep their concern for those who belong to ranks scorn than them there are employees who can originate instead of just imitate there are employees who can walk in someone elses berth instead of just listening to how their subordinates say things (Sugarman n. p. )In addition to that, for the sake of equality and to uphold the civil rights, yes everyone should be granted the chance to be promoted to management level positions. For instance, back then, women were not allowed to be in the top level po sition at least until the implementation of Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights feign which gave the women entry to employment and good positions eventually as well (Lindsey 27). On a final note, Businesses should grant all employees the opportunity to move into management level positions (Sugarman n. p. ). This is because equality should always exist and because all employees have the capacity to hold and run a management level position.

Discuss how Stevenson presents duality in ‘Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Essay

In this essay I will show how Robert Louis Stevenson has giveed dichotomy in his novella Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde.The novella is approximately a upright gentle worldly concern, Dr Jekyll, and how, under the pressure of senior high school society in Victorian England, experiments with potions to eventu every(prenominal)y come up with single that would turn him into Mr Hyde, a disreputable and evil man. create verb onlyy in 1886, the novella was based around the pressure to be respectable that Robert Louis Stevenson himself felt in high society of the Victorian era. It was besides influenced by scandals of the clip such as Deacon Brodie. Brodie, who suffered from gambling debts, was a cabinet maker for people in the higher home. To try and pay off his debts he would adjourn into the cabinets that he had sold and steal the valuables inside. This fits into the story of Jekyll and Hyde since Jekyll is a nice, respectable gentleman who turns into an evil, lower class man, Hyde.There was also a growing awareness of alchemy and psychology at the time the novella was compose. Sigmund Freud, a famous chemist and psychologist, convinced people that duality did exist in humans that in one person there could be both ripe(p) and evil, such as in Jekyll and Hyde, who were the same person, with the help of a potion, but Jekyll was good and Hyde evil.Since the novella was written in 1886 it was targeted at Victorian people. When it was first published it sold around 40,000 copies, mainly to the higher classes of Victorian England. They would have seen it as a twist on a horror book. The Victorians were into gothic books, except that they were al managements set in foreign countries and in the past. Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde differs to these stories since it was set in London and in the then present day. In 1888, Jack the Ripper surfaced in the newspapers. This would non only have boosted the sales of Stevensons novella but would have been connected to it. Both the former and the last mentioned desires are because of the rumour that went around England at the time that Jack the Ripper was someone of upper class and respectable by day but commit frightening murders by night, like the duality of Jekyll and Hyde.Duality surfaces throughout the novella, including the characters. Mr Utterson is a lawyer and good friend of Henry Jekyll.of a rugged countenance, that was never lighted by a smile cold, scantyThis description of Mr Utterson, from the first page, portrays him to be a grumpy man, with sharp features on his face, who doesnt get on with anybody and who would drink on his birth. Howeversomehow loveable.This restate, again from the first page, shows the duality of the book since Utterson is described to be miserable and yet everybody loves him. This is enforced by the adjective lovable since this formulate implies that he is pretty easy to get on with and he isnt merely liked by those who know and get on with him, instead he is loved. The quotes convey that no matter what someones demeanour they can console be kind and popular. This introduces the theme of duality for the reasons said above.I let my brother go to the devil in his own mode.Being a lawyer, Mr Utterson is supposed to help others in any way he can, however, this metaphor is relative the ratifier that no matter how much he could do for someone, Utterson doesnt really care about them. This portrays Robert Louis Stevensons idea of duality.least save his assuranceI shall be back forward midnight, when we shall send for the police.This quote shows duality since Utterson himself said that he would let his brother go to the devil in his own way, yet here he is trying to save the reputation of one of his very good friends, Jekyll. To do this though, the good, honourable, respectable, law abiding lawyer does non send for the police as soon as he and Poole, Dr Jekylls butler, discoer the dead body of a certain Mr Edward Hyde lying on Jekylls cabinet floor. Instead, he goes home for two hours to read the letters that both Dr Lanyon, another good friend of both Utterson and Jekyll, and Jekyll left for him to read on the disappearance or death of Henry Jekyll. It also shows duality in that Utterson is a lawyer, who should go to the police but doesnt.in cause of disappearanceread the throw Gabriel John Utterson.This quote shows duality because as Utterson finds, and reads, Jekylls Last Will and Testament, Utterson, to his own amazement, reads his name instead of Hydes. This shows duality since Utterson is down as the last good friend of Dr Henry Jekyll, who would become disreputable and a big scandal if any one were to find out what he did.Dr Lanyon is another character in the novella, and a good friend of Jekyll and Utterson.This was a hearty, healthy, dapper, red faced gentleman with a shock of hair prematurely white.This quote portrays Lanyon to be a friendly, upper class gentleman who has plenty to drink. However, later on in the n ovella, Stevenson describes LanyonThe rosy man had grown pale his flesh had fallen away he was visibly barefaced and olderThis quote and the latter, reveals the duality between them since in the first quote he is described as being healthy and in the second as being on his death bed. The reader would want to know what has happened in such a short time to make this change in Lanyon appear so suddenly because he saw Hyde mix the potion, take a drink, and turn to Jekyll in front of his very own eyes all of which is revealed in the second to last chapter Dr Lanyons Narrative. To get the potions to Hyde however, Jekyll had to get Lanyon to steal for him. The very idea of Jekyll wanting another respectable gentleman breaking in and stealing the potions for him and Hyde would have been a very big scandal if Lanyon was caught, and Lanyon would go from respectable gentleman to disrespectable in a few hours.Stevensons novella is all about Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde.the doctor gave one of his pl easant dinnersThis shows how Jekyll is popular among the upper class, among his friends, and rich enough to hold dinners. The adverb pleasant conveys to the audience that everyone Jekyll invited got on with each other and it reinforces the idea that Jekyll is rich since he can hold dinners and provide nice food.sat Dr Jekyll, looking deadly sick.This quote describes Jekyll sitting in his bear-sized cabinet room, aft(prenominal) the death of sir Danvers Carew. It reveals how Jekyll is feeling remorse for knowing, or as the reader later finds out, for being Mr Hyde who was identified as the murderer of Carew. It portrays how Jekyll regrets his actions and wishes, to get away from the pressures of high society life in Victorian England.8th of January Utterson had dined at the doctorsOn the 12th, and again on the 14th, the door was shut against the lawyer.This reference conveys to the audience the duality in the novella, since four days after Utterson had seen Jekyll, and dined with him and Dr Lanyon, he was being denied entry to Jekylls signboard. This shows the duality since Jekyll was so ill that he couldnt stand up to know Utterson when Utterson went to see him, before being fine and healthy enough to hold a dinner party and then not allowing anyone into his house to see him all of a sudden without anybody knowing why.born in 18__ to a large fortuneThis quote portrays how Henry Jekyll recognises how he was born into a rich family. The adjectives large and fortune suggests he was born into a highly respected family, something that was of high importance in Victorian England. It shows how he didnt have to work intemperate for the position in society that he was in, only keep up his appearances with others of his class.worst of my faults was a certain gaiety of disposition, such as made the happiness of manyThis reference shows that Jekyll felt money wasnt everything. He felt that where it made most men content, it didnt make him happy. It conveys to the r eader how he wants to be happy, although where he is in life and society wasnt making his wishes come true. We learn later in the novella how this wish brings him to start mixing formulas that would eventually turn him into Mr Hyde.found it hard to reconcile with my imperious desire to carry my head highThe quote above portrays how, although Jekyll wants to be happy, he believes the only way would be one that was irreputable. However, he does not wish to recidivate his place in the upper class of society and he does not wish to lose his friends, both of which would happen if he did what he desired to do to become happier. This therefore is what led Jekyll to create the potion, as well as the written adaption of events, for Utterson to read, in Henry Jekylls full statement of the case where Dr Jekyll writes his version, and the truth of what happened in the last months of his life.Hence it came about that I concealed my pleasuresThis reveals how Jekyll had been hiding secrets sinc e before creating the medley that would turn him to Hyde, hiding what it was that was making him happy. The verb concealed tells the reader that Jekyll was being very careful about his pleasures. It conveys the importance of nobody finding out about Jekylls secret more than if Stevenson had written the verb hid instead.already committed to a profound duplicity of life.This conveys one of the themes in the novella, the theme of duplicity, and how it is not only in the settings and the characters but that the characters knew about it. We know this because of the adjective duplicity portraying to the reader how Jekyll has two lives, however different they are.morbid sense of shame.This quote reveals how although Jekyll wanted to be happy, he is ashamed of how his life has turned out. The alliteration of the s sound in sense and shame enforces the idea, in the readers mind, that he is ashamed of being Mr Hyde, of what he has done and is still doing as Mr Hyde and that both of these ir reputable things are making him happy.not truly one, but truly two.This does not reveal duality within the story, sort of in the themes of the novella. It indicates the views of Dr Jekyll that in one man, there is both good and evil, one of the themes. Jekyll describes how good and evil are different parts of the soul, and that good conquers evil in a raging war within the soul, and that is what makes a man good.flushed as I was with hope and triumph, to venture in my new shapeAs this quote conveys, Stevenson has written about how someone can be addicted to drugs. It shows that even someone of high stature can become addicted, in this case Dr Jekyll. Jekyll is addicted to how he can do what he wants as Mr Hyde, without losing any of his own stature, rather than do the respectable things he would have to do as himself to be happy. It reveals duality in the accompaniment that a respectable gentleman such as Jekyll can be addicted to the painful pangs and nausea the mixture makes hi m feel, whilst turning into Hyde.Edward Hyde is often portrayed animal-like.like a monkey jumped up from among the chemicals.This quote makes the reader imagine a monkey like creature start up upon hearing Poole, Jekylls butler, coming towards Jekylls cabinet. It creates the picture of Hyde being small, dumpy, and hairy and as having very long arms, whilst showing duality since Hyde is a man not a monkey.The other snarled aloud into a raging laughIn this quote the adjective snarled gives the build of Hyde as a savage beast, again being portrayed as some sort of animal. It also conveys how Hyde is an evil person, since someone who is portrayed as being a savage cannot be any good, and this would have been the view of people in Victorian England. Stevenson has used language to paint a picture of what Hyde might look like in the readers mind.so ugly that it brought out the sweat on me like running.This reference, again, allows the reader to imagine what Hyde looks like. It conveys h ow the other characters react to Hyde, that they all feel an air of disfiguration whenever they see him or speak to him, and that he looks so ugly, so mean that they feel uneasy around him.All of the latter three quotes show duality since Hyde is portrayed as being a small and ugly man with the impression of being deformed somewhere on his body. He is also conveyed as a mean, evil person via the descriptive language used by Stevenson. This is in contrast to Jekyll, since Jekyll is a respected gentleman and doctor of chemistry, who is regularly invited to dinner parties hosted by other well respected people in society. He is also taller, thinner and older than Hyde.All of the characters who meet Hyde in the novella have the appearance _or_ semblance to act in the same way towards him. This conveys to the reader just how unlikeable Hyde is. This is important to the story because it shows how everybody thinks him an evil man. It helps show the duality between Jekyll and Hyde.However, it isnt just the characters that show duality within Stevensons Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. It is also revealed in the settings the weather and the buildings and also in the narrative structure.The doorneither bell nor knocker, was blistered and distained. Tramps slouchedThis quote portrays the prize of the door that Hyde uses to enter Dr Jekylls house and grounds. This is in contrast to the front of Jekylls housewhich wore a great air of wealth and comfortThis portrays an image of what Jekylls house looks like from the front a grand house whose owner is wealthy and of a high social class.The latter quote also shows duality with Hydes house in Soho.showed him a dingy pathwayThis quote portrays what kind of domain of a function Hydes house is in. In the Victorian era, Soho was want stricken and full of prostitution, although there is no indication that Hyde was into prostitution and gambling (other than Jekyll turning into Hyde because doing respectable things did not make him hap py). It shows the difference between Jekylls big, respectable house in a respectable of London and Hydes dingy flat on a polluted street in the centre of London.An osseous tissue faced and silvery haired womanThis quote describes the Soho house landlady (or Hydes landlady). When the reader reads this they presume she is a nice friendly woman. HoweverShe had a smooth face, change surface by hypocracyshows duality in contrast with the quote before. It shows how a nice old lady may look nice but in fact can be evil, someone who doesnt like herself. I say evil because later in the chapter The Carew Murder Case she is excited and delighted by the idea of Hyde being in trouble with the police.Hydes house in Soho is, to Uttersons surprise, well furnished.furnished with luxury and good tasteThis conveys duality with how the house looks on the outside. With Soho being a dodgy area in Victorian England, and the street being described as dingy, the reader first imagines a poor, poverty fille d room, not a luxury, well furnished house.London is also shown in a dual nature.down a by street in a busy quarter of London. The street was small and what is called quiet.This quote shows duality in how although a street is in a busy area of London, off a busy main street it is actually very quiet (it would be expected to be busy if its off a main street).Stevenson has even included duality in the weather.cool and a little damp, and full with premature twilight,still bright with sunset.This quote conveys duality to the reader since Jekylls courtyard is described at the beginning of the quote that it is cold and looks as though it is around the time frame of dusk. However, the later half of the quote explains, it is in fact still sunny (nearing sunset) and so in theory Jekylls courtyard should be quite light.A fog rolled over the city early part of the night was cloudless.This reveals duality because it shows how the night was cloudless, until the fog came in. the adjective rolled gives the impression that the fog came swiftly, rather than slowly.About nine in the morning number of degrees and hues of twilight dark like the back end of eveningThis quote conveys to the reader that whatever time of day it is in Soho, it still looks like its dark, like it is night. This quote shows the duality of the weather by giving the time of day and describing what it looked like. The fog described is more likely to be smog from the factories, since the novella is set in the Victorian times. However, it does cast an eerie effect on the image conjured in the readers mind, would have made them think something ill was about to happen.There are many locked doors in Stevensons novella. This symbolises how secretive the story is, Utterson hypothetically being stopped solving the mystery of Jekyll and Hyde, by doors not able to be opened until another section of the mystery is found, and the actual looked doors that Jekyll shuts himself up behind.The narrative structure also sho ws duality since in the first vii chapters the narrative is third person.resumed the lawyer.This shows the third person narrative structure of The Last Night. However, the last two chapters are written in first person, Dr Lanyons Narrative is written by Lanyon from his point of view and tells of what he knows about Jekyll and Hyde, and explains the cause of his death. The last chapter is also in first person, however this is from the perspective of Dr Jekyll himself, who explains everything that had happened.I rose from my placeThese show duality because the first seven chapters, although written in third person, are all about Utterson and what he does to try and ply the mystery between Jekyll and Hyde. They also show Uttersons thoughts and feelings.The chapters are all arranged to follow what happens to Utterson and the titles are all to do with what happens within the chapter itself (and give a clue to what the chapter is about). The last two are in the order they are because th at way Lanyon doesnt repeat what the reader knows from reading Jekylls chapter, if they were the other way around.In this essay I have shown how Robert Louis Stevenson has presented the theme of duality in his novella Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. I have achieved this by analysing the language of the text that describes the characters, weather, buildings and the narrative structure.

Cell Phone Should Not Be Used in Classrooms Essay

The custom of cell peals in todays society is at an extremely high govern that people of all ages and gender can be seen parading with their cell phones. Whether people are buying groceries or driving in their cars, cell phones have stick important in everyday life. Phones should only be used in leisure epoch and non in cultivate while studying. Cell phone use in schools should be restricted because it distracts students, it is disrespectful towards instructors, and may tempt students to cheat.Cell phone use in class distracts everyones aid from the class. When a cell phone suddenly rings in class it makes a lot of noise, delaying lecture time for students. Instead of spending time to pay attention to the lecture, many students will spend their time giggling. If students are not able to pay attention they will not learn anything. Another distracting thing or so cell phone use is that many students use their phones and text with their friends. Many people who text in class a re not advancing their studies, just their social life. Students who sit in class and text are just wasting their time, instead of using that time to further their education. Some students who have their phones in class play games instead of take heeding to the lecture. When a student starts to play a game, others easily become fascinated. Playing games in class distracts more students. victimisation cell phones in schools is not only distracting, but it can also be disrespectful.Read moreShould Cellphones Be Allowed in School Argumentative searchUsing cell phones in class is not good idea because it is disrespectful to teachers. Students who text in class may not know what the teacher is asking about, and may end up falling behind in class. It is disrespectful to not listen to others while they are talking. It is bad etiquette to not listen to the lecture while the teacher spends their time to teach, not only does it wastes the teachers time, but also their own time. Using cell phones in school while the teacher is trying to teach disrespectful, but it can also be used as a medium for cheating.Schools should keep their current policies of not being able to use phones because students may use it to commit educational fraud. It is hard for a teacher to always know what their students are doing during an exam, like a student who may be looking up information on their phones. If students dothis, they will not be able to learn anything. Also, some students use their phones and tell others what the questions are on the test, making it unfair for those who are working hard to earn the scores that they deserve. Another is that if students are able to use their phones in class and communicate with someone who knows the answer while taking the test. It is true that cell phones would make a good learning tool, but it is really bid to cheat during tests.Cell phones in our current society are part of our everyday life, but cell phones should only be limited to leisur e time and not during school. Cell phones should not be used in school because it is distracting, it is disrespectful to teachers, and can be a tool for students to cheat. Students should learn to become unconditional from their cell phones just like the days when cell phones were not invented yet.

Blood Diamonds Essay

The result in the deaths of more than fifty thousand people, left millions homeless, and integrated violence much(prenominal) as mass rapes and mutilations were cause from these jewels earnings which helped to subsidize a state of war. It was also stated that these melody baseball fields increase the battle in Africa which resulted to the loss of four million lives and millions of residents has been dislocated. corresponding of what happened at Sierra Leone which had discrepancy these appointment diamonds yet in little moods can cause massive destruction in a country.In the vile civil war at Sierra Leone, the rising up evolutionary United Front apprehended control to a great period of the nations diamond fields. The issue regarding blood diamonds did not occur only if long-ago. There was a report recently by the United solid ground that twenty-three dollars of diamonds are being smuggled into international diamond food markets which are from the Ivory Coast. Diamonds have also played an important role in pay betrothals in Angola and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.Fortified sadism and vicious human rights abuses go on with over control of diamond mines in eastern Congo which was the bloodiest war since World War II. The Global Witness in 1998 had to start a revelation operation about the role of diamonds in fiscal support argument. absolution transnational a proletariat human rights organization in the world became so influential in enlightening citizens concerning the problem and urges the governments and industry to take proceeding. International tension has augmented from a large federation of Non Government Officials through the years.United States is the seventy percent of the worlds diamond trader and this only means that it was the leading costumer of diamonds. With this reason, they should be the first and major head to cover on the problem of blood diamonds which also called conflict diamonds. On the way hard works for the United S tates carnal knowledge to control the trading of blood diamonds. Terrorist operation are possible funded by the international trade of diamonds and with this, the United States Congress Members obtains tactics to put a stop to it.Diamonds are expensive goods that can easily be covered and transported according to the U. S. General Accounting Office and was used in illegal means of trading. It was extracted from inaccessible areas which no hint to find from its origin. Government-run Kimberley Process which is an international agreement endorsed by the United Nation which aimed and developed a diamond certification program that would prevent the flow of blood diamond and initiated stop to its trade was presently participate United States together with other countries.The compass of warranties or the system of self regulation. was the agreement wherein the diamond companies will take charge to guard itself in dispatching diamonds from its place to the stores where it should be deli vered. This became there support to the Kimberley Process. only this agreement I not fully applied to the industries because it is a must for a company dealing in diamonds to have a course of action in place to guarantee that their diamonds are conflict-free.Actual visit of the government in the diamond industries should be practiced for more assurance of freeing from conflicts and manoeuver cyclic area confirmation to diamond companies to make sure they have schemes in place to avoid any trade in conflict diamonds. some(prenominal) of the countries rich in diamonds are those really poor and citizens do not get any benefit from their resources particularly the soil richness. Confusions and explosive natures are far-flung in the diamond fields because revolutionary groups antiterrorists can still seize benefit and right to use the diamonds.Given all the problems concerning the conflict diamonds the United States government should take a look in implementing the diamond law and req uire all regions to build up a reliable diamond industry. The practice for tracking arrangement in each of the diamond companies will be helpful to make sure to prevent the entrance in the market of conflict diamonds. Additional force should be given off by the Administration for the implementation of Clean Diamond Trade Act (CDTA) in clogging the operation to conflict diamonds as they support the Kimberley Process. Nowadays, blood diamonds are still a serious dilemma.Experientially the government action in controlling the finance conflict in diamonds are not that powerful and functional to ensure that the rebel groups, terrorist and other criminal networks will not anymore make use of it. This unremitting weakness of the Control System found by the Government Accountability Office of United States was because of the paltry imposing of Clean Diamond Trade Act. The call for for development in monitoring process in the diamond industries in line with the law and accumulating precise information on United States trade in rough diamonds.Being the leading consumer of diamonds, the United States should insist on strengthening the Clean Diamond Trade Act and the Kimberley Process. Suggested step that will be the scoop help addressing on the problem will be working with other key administration to reinforce the Kimberley Process and break down on blood diamonds smuggled out of the Ivory Coast. In addition ensure that the Kimberley Process taking on procedures to develop the accurateness and investigation of the information, call for authentication of production conformity, endue with satisfactory financing to encourage effective completion of the system.They should also provide more forceful support as well as technical and financial aid, to help countries develop their accomplishment of the Kimberley Process. The on time application of the proposals of Government Accountability Office including the spot checks of diamond companies and tracking of rough diamonds i nside and outdoors the country especially the goal setting in executing the proposal will be a great help in resolving the problems. Having men on urgent dealings to progress the accuracy of United States rough diamond trade statistics will also be a help. ReferencesCombating Conflict Diamonds, Retrieved sublime 18, 2007, http//www. globalwitness. org/pages/en/conflict_diamonds. html Conflict Diamonds, Retrieved August 18, 2007, www. amnestyusa. org/news/doc/diamonds_survey_text. pdf US Congress Tackles Blood Diamonds Trade, Retrieved August 18, 2007, www. voanews. com/english/archive/2002-02/a-2002-02-14-2-US. cfm Conflict Diamonds, Retrieved August 18, 2007, www. un. org/ tranquillity/africa/Diamond. html Stop the Trade in Blood Diamonds, Retrieved August 18, 2007, worldvision. org/worldvision/ /stable/globalissues_conflictdiamonds

What Ive Learned

On July 21, I went to a family barbeque in Rochester, NY. After leaving the barbeque, I was on my way to meet my brothers John and chip off at the local bar to talk and have fun. After we saw our oldest brother John off, Nick and I decided to race down the main street in town. I learned on this day to never race a fomite around a dangerous curve. While my brother and I exited the parking lot of the bar, he went around me to lead. I followed him until we reached the main street, Peach St.As we approached the street, Nick lined up on the right side of my vehicle and within three seconds we stepped on the gas pedal. While speeding down Peach St. around 80-90mph, I noticed that after we passed the community center. Also, I was now in the lead. Since I had the lead, I attempted to apply my brakes but because I was going as well fast they wouldnt work. Noticing that my brakes werent working, I thought about what was going to stop my railway car in this residential area. At this point, al l I could do was keep my foot on the brakes and scream.As I began to scream, I watched as my car went through someones living room windowpane and my body hit the steering wheel. After the car went through the living room window, I then got out making sure everyone was alright. Now that everyone was fine, I called the police, and my family. While standing outside my car, I look around and all I see is my car on the porch of the house with glass all everywhere it and the front wheel turned the opposite way. From my speeding, I totaled my car and destroyed someones house.Realizing what just happened, I now felt wish well I was hit back to back by three tractor trailers. This was one of the worst feelings to experience. Because of my dumb decision to speed, I ended up with no car the family who was enjoying their night was out of a house for a few nights. I was now stuck dealing with a new type of depression. At the end of the day I honestly promised my daughter and myself as well as my family that I was done with racing unless it was on a real track.

The effects of technology on teenagers

The modern technological world is swiftly changing and advancing before our very eyes. Technology has become part of our every daytime lives with, mobile ph matchlesss, laptops, iPods, Wi-Fi spots available nearly everywhere, mp3 players and an enormous array of gaming consoles there is no avoiding it. Technology has fully developed into the 21st century and seems to consecrate brought with it an unending list of potential detriments. These especially earn negative effects on teenagers although it is argued that technology may have also provided a positive wedge on todays juvenility, for instance, an increase in social activity.I myself, being a teenager of the 21st century cannot even begin to get through the capabilities of technology. The possibilities ar literally endless, however if used without discretion it could also create a generation that solely relies on technology for satisfaction and happiness. The first of import paradox technology brings to teenagers is the Internet a global network connecting millions of computers. Now you may be failing to see what the problem is in this description notwithstanding the budding dangers of the Internet be extremely high and are all around even if they dont seem obvious at first. beholding as the Internet is a huge part of a teenagers life because it provides so many positive opportunities, it isnt hard to bowling pin into the easy traps of the Internet. For example information such as pictures, projects, videos and documents can be sent with a click of a button it primarily simplifies teenage life. So, where is the solvent in this? The key issue is that whatever goes on the Internet can never truly be gone, even after it has been deleted. The moment that something is posted online, it falls into the hands of millions of strangers who can then download that photo or video, or save a copy of that post.My main point is that what goes on the Internet sash on the Internet and could most likely end up downloaded on someones computer. Recently, this issue has affected more and more teenagers. This is mainly because the youth of today are so used to using the Internet, it has become a part of their life but so many are unaware of how to sojourn safe online. In addition to potentially putting yourself in danger at the click of a button, technology can also take a toll on your behaviour. As teenagers we are still discovering ourselves and establishing our identities.The majority of us have a strong desire for acceptance in society and the images that are available for teenagers to see on the Internet or on television have a strong effect on the process of becoming who we are. These images ofttimes stimulate the intellectls of the perfect body or how you should behave, especially for new-made girls. In one study, 69% of girls said that models they see on television fix their idea of what a perfect body shape is. With this much influence from technology it isnt surprising that eati ng disorders have grown 400% since 1970.Girls as young as eight years old are becoming conscious of their weight because of these ideals that are set by the world of technology. As upsetting as these statistics are, it does reflect life for young people in the 21st century. Most teenagers can say they have been influenced by the images they see online but the real problem that technology brings is that nowadays, more often than not these influences are being taken to extremities. Most importantly, technology can be affecting our health.During the past 20 years, obesity in young people has risen drastically and the main contributor is technology. Today, teenagers spend a lot more time in front of the television, or playing video games or using computers. Technology has become a constant companion, completely replacing the idea of active play. More than 40 studies have proven that technology contributes to an inactive lifestyle and weight gain in teenagers. Therefore, this issue is al so a reflection of teenage life nowadays as child obesity has become a social epidemicOverall, technology is the perfect example of what life is like in the UK in the 21st century. It is the one thing that has developed the most throughout the years almost to an extent where people rely on it so much they cannot live without it. It is certainly a huge aspect of young peoples lives as a recent survey showed that 93% of all teenagers aged 12-17 uses the Internet or emails. The torment statistic is that 58% of teens dont believe that posting photos or other personal information on social networking sites is unsafe.Things like this are an even large aspect of teenage life and unfortunately also reflects life in the 21st century as teenagers are becoming increasingly active online and are at a high risk of falling into the trap of online predators. Nevertheless, I am not completely against technology. I am part of that 93% of teenagers and of caterpillar tread it does have its benefit s too, such as educating us, making life easier and simply for its entertainment and social capabilities.

Women’s Judo Debate

Womens Judo My dear fellow judos, martial arts practitioners and entertainments women, l, da Gamma Gibbons, am delighted you devote joined me today to unravel the nauseating, adverse light that has been shown upon womens Judo recently. After, having unfortunately been open to an atrocity of a biased article revolved around yours truly, I felt compelled to express my lunacy and dismay towards the male chauvinist, ignorant writer behind these fabricated words, Andrew M Brown. Ladies, who is he to tell us which sports are socially acceptable to practice?Does he switch the right to make sexist remarks bout our careers, when he himself, has spent time In a mental ward? Mr.. Brown, your article creates the wrong assessment of the beautifully orchestrated sport of womens judo. In your absurd article, you have displayed forms of incredibly offensive sexism, relating to my sport. The showcasing of your old fashioned opinions towards women world dominant in a strong sport has infuria ted me. Your lack of understanding and knowledge for effeminate athletes participating In any sport, lone(prenominal) make you look thick and sexist.Being a Judo myself, I have first hand experience of he sport, which puts me in a respectable position to inform that your accusations circling the sport is indeed, false. I apologize for my inconsiderate behavior, a Judo Mr.. Brown, is someone who practices Judo as a sport, male or female. understandably from your fictional pillows mentioned in your article you have no significant knowledge of the sport let simply the names of Its professional practitioners.I am not exactly sure how he could have the tremendous natural endowment of successfully enraging the entire sports community from Just the insensitive, foul, sexist language used in the title of your scripted piece. The title a few words in length and Mr.. Brown has already showcased his hidden talents of triggering the anger in a group of female athletes in just one click o f the expel exclusivelyton. His disregard towards not only the sport but Its athletes have immediately given the text a very condescending and patrolling voice as narrator, referring to Judos as girls.Ill have It known to you Mr.. Brown, that the entire female prodigious judo team includes adults ages 26 and above. He must have been blinded by the disturbing sight of a popular Olympic event that consists of watching girls beat separately other up. If he is so emotionally unsettled by watching a match, were happy to direct him back to his soap operas at home. HIS referral to the sport using what I consider street slang Infuriates me as the implication that no achievement or training is required in order to participate in the sport.His low class follow sickens me, furthering my disgust when he compares my match between my opponents as two drunken women bashing ten bells out of each other. How dare he dishonor this highly respected Olympic sport? He is a writer not a sports criti c, so a piece of advice for Mr.. Brown, stick to your own career. We do not beat or Have some respect for the commitment and strength it takes to hold a sport like judo. Additionally, I find it incredible that he can assert that he probably hold up appallingly sexist.He has predicted his own criticism, suggesting the fact that he is fully aware that his discriminative mind is discordant for expressing his concern over a female sport, thats better known for its male practitioners. His condescending tone sounds as if he assumes that everyone will understand his reasoning. Newsflash Mr.. Brown, we are not so easily fooled by your contract to evoke a family man status for yourself n order to counterbalance and deflect the controversy you caused. Anecdotes close his daughters have made me wonder, what if he had sons? Would his views be the same?He is only trying to step into the exercise of a respectable man to dodge the criticism he would receive his literacy devices did not have i ts do on us though right, ladies? Does he really call himself a writer? His opinion is old- fashioned portraying women as the weaker, inferior people in this society, describing our soft limbs battered black and blue with bruises after(prenominal) a match. We are a lot stronger than you think Mr.. Brown, we can handle a few bruises and scratches but not in any way are our limbs any softer than your office restrained limbs.In conclusion, as I have ferociously argued against Mr.. Browns fabricated Judgments on a highly honorable Olympic sport, my opinions and feeling lie obvious. I am extremely appalled and repulsed by his sexist views and ignorant voice regarding not only me but also my fellow Judos and many other female athletes. I hope that I have conveyed my message across that womens Judo is far more skill related and respectable than what meets a washed up, sexist writers eyes.

Using Simulation to Educate the Healthcare Professional

Using Simulation to Educate the health oversee Professional The purpose to the phrase was to give an overview of types, implementations and resources for human exemplar in care for education. Gaba (2004) has delimit simulation as a technique, non a technology, to replace or amplify real experiences with head experiences (as sited in Galloway, 2009). Aldrich (2005 ) stated the objective in creating any simulation experience is achieving fidelity, i. e. , a close proceeds of the real-life, human situation (as cited in Galloway, 2009).The fidelity created the environment for learning, when fidelity is high there is a great potential for learning. There are six types of simulations role-playing, standardized patients, partial delegate trainers, complex task, integrated simulators or human patient stimulators, and full mission simulation (Galloway, 2009). The indite showed how the use of simulation for learning was not limited to nursing students and that regardless of the li mited numbers for studies, the results for simulation strike been positive in umteen welkins of high-risk training. The evidence base for the use of simulation in patient guard is limited (Galloway, 2009).The convulse is the limit in terms of how much it will cost to incorporate simulation into health professional education (Galloway, 2009). The technology for educators is rapidly changing and they need to be keep up a task many educators are unable and unwilling to do (Galloway, 2009). Kyle and Murray (2008) , authors of Clinical Simulation Operations, Engineering and Management , shot tools to help educators determine what fits best for their specific learning objectives and settings (as cited in Galloway, 2009). The patient is trusting the health care professional to safely and skillfully care for them.Simulation techniques need to be implemented today and modifyd for tomorrow (Galloway, 2009) Quote Simulation enables healthcare professionals to h champion the clinical sk ills that are needed to provide safe care without harming patients as they develop these skills (Galloway, 2009). Paraphrase In healthcare, simulation will facilitate professionals as they fine-tune their skills to improve patient safety without putting them at risk. Evaluation Commander Susan Galloway is a doctoral student at the Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences in Bethesda, Maryland. Her MSN concentration was nursing education.She works currently as the foreman of Health Professions Education for the Joint Task Force National Capital Region. She has worked with Washington Hospital middle(a) and Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences to improve education with simulation. Commander Galloway is currently working on search focused on the human factors related to the delegate of skill acquisition from simulation sites to the real arena (Galloway, 2009). Her background in the integration of simulation and her current research focus makes her qualified in t he area of simulation in healthcare education.The article was published in May 2009 in The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing. Some technological changes may have occurred since the paper was published, but the simulation types and educational approaches are the same. The article was written to educators in all health professions. The author wanted to show educators from the OR setting to the nursing student, the importance of using simulated learning tools to increase skill competency. She also showed how simulations could improve interdisciplinary teamwork, one of the core competences. The objective data in the paper was distinguished by the use of quantitative data.The author uses the limited research data from other fields using simulation to assume that the benefits will transfer to the healthcare setting. She also used two specific rescue studies that were done on simulation. Subjective study was confined to the conclusion. There are twenty-three references listed, the major ity of them are from 2009 and 2008. This was the most up-to-date information she could have used for the paper. The older references were used to show how implementations is a slow process with many components. The information is mollify useful for future reading.This article was found using the MSU database search engine with the key words simulation nursing education and a date range limited to 2006-2010. I chose this article because it not still addresses simulation for nursing students but also for nurses of all levels in all areas including interdisciplinary settings. This article a good resource because it is American Nurse Association peer reviewed. References Galloway, S. J. (2009) Simulation techniques to bridge the gap amid novice and competent healthcare professionals. OJIN The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing,Vol. 14, No. 2, Manuscript 3. doi10. 3912/OJIN. Vol14No02Man03

A Hotel Restaurant Practicum Report Essay

STRENGHTAs an houseman i ob service of processd some strenghts within Fernandina Hotel, first is that all the staffs argon friendly and they depart appoint you the best services they can offer, i can overly say that the location is good because in that respect be nearby malls and other business institutions fit(p) within the area. Sanitation and cleanliness is well proven in the hotel they are very strict when cleanliness is involved and they train their staffs to become aware of the health of their thickenings.WEAKNESSESThe one occasion that can be a weakness of this hotel is that they lack manpower to accomodate their guests, for me this is a big deal as a weakness because this can lead to the downfall of the hotel.The guests will non appreciate the stay if the staffs that will serve them are minimal and cant give them the whole service they want.INTRODUCTIONIn 1572, Spanish conqueror Juan de Salcedo founded Villa Fernandina in the Philippines and named it later on Fernan do, the firstborn son of King Felipe II. The Seat of Nueva Segovia bishoporic and capital of the Ilocos Region, the romantic Fernandina boasted of noble Spanish homes where the aristocrats of old savoured the simple yet elegant setting of a classic era.As a tribute to its namesake, the Fernandina 88 Suites at the heart of Araneta Business and shopping center is a masterful give out of contemporary and classical architecture. From the exquisite exterior picture of the building to the finest details of each unit, Fernandina 88 boasts of some(prenominal) artistic flair and elegant style. Fernandina 88 suites is designed to suit the tastes of hardworking young professionals and business traveler who appreciate the art of gracious living. This Fernandina 88 suites Owned and Operated by ALCAT Inc. 222 P. Tuazon Boulevard, AranetaCenterCubao Quezon City Philippines 1109. And we are affordable in 1, 2 and 3 bedrooms types of suites.The mission vision of the company is all to the officer s and staff of Fernandina 88 suites hotel dedicate ourselves to leave alone peaceful harmoniousand secure accommodation to our customer clients and guests characterized by quality suites. To this end our aim is to serve our guests in a manner that would exuberate an enthusiasm in service, and the name of the owner of this company is Mr.Joselito Alvarado. and in Fernandina 88 suites we have 3 functions namely 1572 reataurant& ballroom located at 12th floor, the vigan conference hall located at 6th floor, and executive hall located at 2nd floor building.STATUSdepth psychologyORGANIZATIONAL CHARTSir Bench(Officer in Charge)Benjamin Adriatico 1. Raphael Araneta Antero Molave2. Jonas Robles Ramon Medina (Food Attendant)Ariel Cruz Ben (Steward) (Steward)Yes the employees do their duty and responsibilities well inside the restaurant, also all the employees in morning and wickedness shifts are hardworking and responsible.OPERATION SYSTEMS & PROCEDURESBreakfast knock starts at 7AM-1030AMAl ways serve a coffee and hot teaLast phone call for the breakfast buffet at 930AMLunch buffet starts at 12-230PMAlways serve waterLast call for the breakfast buffet at 200PMAll of the employees and trainees are following the everyday procedures and rules and regulations of the hotel. And prove to the guest that we are always happy to serve them and always smile even we are tired.FACILITIES & EQUIPMENTSoup Tureen- is a serving dish for foods such as soups or stews. Ramekin- used for the preparation and serving various food, dishes. Percolator- is a type of pot used to brew coffee by continually cycling the boiling or nearly boiling brew. Consomme- is a type of clear soup that many guest can use.Olstoria- (coffee espresso machine) cocoa Grinder- is the process of turning coffee beans into a beverage.All the uncommon equipments are working properly, for me its a big deal because if these equipments are gone or is not working properly it will not be easy to serve the guests or we cant g ive them the good service they want. custody SCHEDULINGAll of the AM shifts are starts from 7AM-3PM while the PM shifts are starts from 3PM-10PM that are the prepared plan of the restaurant.Yes its very effective because In morning shift i can start from 7AM 3PM after that I have a lots of time to get rest in house. While the night shift starts from 3PM-10PMWORK ATMOSPHEREFor me its yes we can move and serve properly inside the restaurant because there is a big and wide space for the guests. And its not difficult to move inside the restaurant, it is design to accommodate many guests at once.USE OF MATERIAL RESOURCESPurchase Order First we go to buying area to get some stocks and after that we need towrite from a piece of paper the relic that they get.One for the am shift and one for the pm shift are assigned to do the pedigree every day and all the stocks are enough every day. And so if ever we need to bargain for we can just go to purchasing area to get what we need.SANITATIO N PROCEDURES1. We always use ascendent for whipping the tables.2. We always do the bass out after the guests are done with the dirty plates.3. We are always segrate all the utensils like spoon, fork, knife and teaspoon.4. Wear clean proper and tidy attire when they are at work.5. Keep their finger nails short and clean.6. Do not wear accessories or jewelry assume they may drop into the food.7. Keep hair neat and tidy.CLEANING THE WORKING AREA1. Dining commonwealth2. Bar Area3. Buffet Area

Corporate Governance and Financing Decisions by Saudi Companies

bodily Governance and financial backing Decisions by Saudi-Arabian-Arabian Companies Ali Al-Nodel College of Economy and Administ symmetryn, Qassim University, P. O. Box 4667, Burydah 51412 Al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia. Email emailprotected edu. sa Khaled Hussainey Ain Shams University, Egypt Accounting & pay variant Stirling Management School Stirling University Stirling FK9 4LA United estate Email Khaled. emailprotected ac. uk 1 Abstract Purpose This paper aims to tin to the somatic regime literature in emerging economies by examining the effect of more or less bodily regime mechanisms on support decisions in Saudi Arabian listed companies.Methodology A multiple relapse model is utilise to examine the tie-up in the midst of pay decisions and collective system mechanisms for a try out of 37 listed Saudi companies. In office stafficular, we examine the effect of posting sizing will power tightfistedness and merged political science insurance coverage on t he debt-to-equity ratio. unified brass instrument account is measured by the guinea pig summary advance. Findings After tyrannical for companies profitability and their growth opportunities, we frame that both display board sizing and willpower absorption be positively associated with debt-to-equity ratio. look for limitations We limit our analysis to a small sample of upstandings that use the net profit to communicate merged government activity schooling amid October 2005 and January 2006. Practical implications The chanceings suggest that managers argon likely to choose melloweder financial supplement when they have stronger unified disposal (large number of directors on the board and higher will power concentration). However, we did non find any statistical association in the midst of incarnate governance divine revelation and debt-to-equity ratio.This suggests that firms unsymmetric data is not an important apparent motionr of the backing decisi on of Saudi Arabian companies. This might be cod to the character of the Saudi worry surround. Originality We strongly believe that this paper provides a novel constituent to the existing literature as we are the first base to examine this issue in Saudi Arabia. Keywords Corporate governance, financing decisions, emerging economies, Saudi Arabia. Paper type Research paper. 2 1. IntroductionThis paper aims to contribute to the unified governance literature by examining the effect of embodied governance characteristics on financing decisions in Saudi Arabian listed companies. In particular, it examines the effect of board size ownership concentration and corporate governance account on the debt-to-equity ratio. The investigation of these research issues in Saudi business environment could extend forward research and give assorted explanations to those carried push through in much developed countries Research related to determinant of corporate detonator social organisatio n is a well established part of the explanation and pay research.Modigliani and Miller (1958) is the first to study this sp present of research. They withal provided an different study in the same area of research later modifying roughly(prenominal) assumptions such(prenominal) as relaxing the prefect market place assumptions and considering corporate tax into their models (Miller and Modigliani, 1963). In their later study, they suggested that firm determine will be enhanced if the train of debt adds because interest rate is a tax allowable and consequently companies would enjoy debt tax shield when funding their activities by long-term debt. Further accounting and finance research studies were more expressive.Those researches were concentrated on examining some determinants of corporate dandy complex body part. For type, the association between board size and seat of government twist decisions have been suggested by a number of empirical studies (see for example Mehran 1992, Berger et al. 1997, Wiwattanakantang 1999, pilar cyst et al. 2002, Du and Dia 2005, Abor and Biekpe 2005 and Al-Najjar and Hussainey 2010a and 2010b). Another determinant of gravid structure decision which received portentous attention is the ownership concentration (see for example Wiwattanakantang 1999, and Al- 3 Najjar and Hussainey 2010a and 2010b).More recently, number of studies have, also, investigated the association between lopsided breeding and corporate decisions (see for example Li and Zhao, 2006 and Bharath et al. 2009). The results of these research studies suggest that firm value will be enhanced if the level of debt increases, board size and ownership concentration are associated with metropolis structure decisions and firms with higher levels of study asymmetric are more likely to use debt in financing their activities than equity. Unfortunately, the results of these research studies cannot be commonplaceized for number of reasons.First, these results provided mixed evidence. For example, Mehran (1992), Berger et al. (1997), and Abor and Biekpe (2005) frame a significant disconfirming association between the size of the board of directors and debt-to-equity ratios, while Jensen (1986) base a positive association between higher debt ratios and larger board size. Further, other researchers found that in that location is no significant association between board size and debt-to-equity ratios (i. e. Wiwattanakantang, 1999 Wen et al. , 2002 and Al-Najjar and Hussainey, 2010). A second reason for the worry behind generalizing the results of these esearch studies are that the majority of them were carried out in close developed countries such as U. S and European continental. More precisely, in maturation countries the conclusions of this line of research are likely to be challenged due to the business environmental differences between those of developed and those of ontogenesis countries. In another words, in a different business environment such those of the Middle Eastern countries, t here are significant environmental factors that may affect corporate slap-up structure decisions.Hove (1986 and 1990) asserted the importance of policy-making, scotchal, and social systems on corporate decisions. 4 Third reason for the difficulty of generalising the evidence of antecedent research examining determinants of corporate slap-up structure is that on that point are very limited numbers of studies that have examined determinants of capital structure in developing countries and point fewer such studies may be found in the Middle East countries, leaving significant doubt about the applicability of these evidence in the business environment of Middle east countriesAccordingly, a natural area of extending the lines of the accounting and finance research related to determinant of corporate capital structure decisions is to explore other drivers of corporate capital structure decisions and to consider su ggested drivers within a different business environment. In the present paper, we aim to examine the degree to which corporate governance affect the financing decisions of Saudi Arabian listed companies. We focus only on three corporate governance mechanisms.These are board size ownership concentration and corporate governance inform. The main reasons for concentrating on these issues are the possibility of making comparability with other studies because these are the most studied issues in the literature, the availability of data regarding these issues1, and the importance of advising regulators whom are more concern about these issues in the process of regulating corporate governance in Saudi Arabia.To overhaul us in focvictimization on a group of firms that survey corporate governance information on their websites, we utilised a sample of 37 companies listed in Saudi Stock Market in January 2006. This was based on a recent paper by Hussainey and Al-Nodel (2008) who store th eir sample from Saudi listed companies websites 1 Cost of capital is an important factor in corporate capital structure decisions however data for capital structure was not lendable. 5 etween October 2005 and January 2006 representing a pith number of 77 companies listed in the Saudi Stock Ex alter at that time. We found that both board size and ownership concentration are positively associated with the debt-to-equity ratio. However, we did not find a significant association between corporate governance describe and the debt-to-equity ratio. The findings seem to suggest that managers are likely to choose higher financial leverage when they have stronger corporate governance (large number of directors on the board and higher ownership concentration).However, firms asymmetric information seems to be not a driver of the financing decision of Saudi Arabian companies. A feasible explanation is that decisions relate to capital structure are affected by the Islamic view of financing wh ich prohibits interests and in turn to the public view who disrespects such pattern. This is enhanced by the weakness of the business reporting go for in Saudi Arabia which could provide pave for a different mean of getting information by parties related to loan agreements.The results of this paper may be of use to the Saudi Arabian swell Market Authority (SACMA, thereafter) who issued a guidance in 2006 that recommends all listed companies to disclose corporate governance information to the public. This would help SACMA to explore the attitude of companies to voluntarily report corporate governance rather than being implemented to do so. The paper proceeds as follows. Section 2 reviews prior research on the determinants of corporate capital structure. In Section 3, a verbal description of the Saudi business environment is provided.Sections 4 and 5 discuss the development of the research hypotheses and the research model. Section 6 is the data description. The 6 main regression results are presented in Section 7. Section 8 concludes and suggests areas for future research. 2. Literature Review Although the relationship between corporate governance and capital structure has been the subject for an extensive research in developed countries2, a limited research has been carried out to investigate the issue in business environment of developing countries.The association between board size and capital structure decisions have been well established in prior accounting and finance research. In particular, Mehran (1992), Berger et al. (1997), Wiwattanakantang (1999), Wen et al. (2002), Du and Dia (2005), Abor and Biekpe (2005) and Al-Najjar and Hussainey (2010a and 2010b) examined the association between board size and corporate capital structure decision, but the results are mixed. Mehran (1992), Berger et al. (1997), and Abor and Biekpe (2005) reported a significant negative association between the size of the board of directors and debt-toequity ratios.However, Jensen (1986) revealed a positive association between higher debt ratios and larger board size. Other researchers found that there is no significant association between board size and debt-to-equity ratios (Wiwattanakantang, 1999, Wen et al. , 2002, Al-Najjar and Hussainey, 2010). 2 Examples accommodate the UK (see, for example, Demirag 1998 Ezzamel and Willmott 1993 Writer 2001 Vinten 2001), The Netherlands (Groot, 1998), and Canada (Elloumi and Gueyie, 2001). Other researchers compared the corporate governance put on between developing countries.For instance, Vinten (2000) compared the corporate governance practice between the UK and the US. Another relative study is Charkham (1994) which found significant differences in the corporate governance practices in five countries Japan, Britain, France, the United States and Germany. 7 self-control concentration is considered as one of the key determinants of capital structure decision. Wiwattanakantang (1999) reported that manageria l shareholdings have consistent positive decide on family-owned firm leverage.In addition, Al-Najjar and Hussainey (2010a) found that insider ownership is positively and significantly associated with the debt-to-equity ratio. However, Al-Najjar and Hussainey (2010b) did not find the expected significant results. A relatively recent and growth number of studies have investigated the association between asymmetric information and corporate decisions (see Li and Zhao, 2006 for more details). For example Bharath et al. (2009) used a novel information asymmetry index and examined the extent to which information asymmetry is a determinant of capital structure decisions.They found that information asymmetry affects capital structure decisions of US companies. In particular, they found a significant positive association between information asymmetry and debt-to-equity ratio. In other words, their results suggest that firms with higher levels of information asymmetric are more likely to us e debt in financing their activities than equity. On the other hand, other research found that unforced disclosure is negatively related to asymmetric information. For example, Hussainey et al. 2003) found higher levels of voluntary disclosure reduce information asymmetry between the firm and investors and indeed increase investors ability to better anticipate future earnings. Research look into corporate governance in developing countries is much beyond in considering the impact of issues of corporate governance on corporation capital structure. A review of research investigating issues of corporate governance revealed that most such research approach the issue whether to describe the state of 8 orporate governance from an official perspective or from the perspective of what should the matter-of-fact practical applications of its principles be. For example, Al-Motairy (2003) explored the state of corporate governance practices in Saudi Arabia. He concluded that there is a b r iskiness need for (1) a review of these regulations to reflect the current practices of corporate governance, (2) the issuance of guidance for best practices for focussing and financial affair in corporations and (3) the establishment of an organisation to accelerate the adoption of best practices of corporate governance.Similarly, Fouzy (2003) evaluated the practices of corporate governances principles in Egypt. He recognised the development in Egyptian official regulations toward the application of best practices of corporate governance. He then argued that these developments are not met enough by Egyptian companies in their practical applications. Another example is the study which was carried out by Oyelere and Mohammed (2005) investigating the practices of corporate governance in Oman and how it is being communicated to stakeholders.They recommend enhanced regulation and communication for the Omani stock market to keep stride with the international developments. Finally, a re search paper by the Centre for International Private Enterprise (CIPE, 2003) examined the corporate governance practice in four Middle Eastern countries (Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, and Lebanon). It found that corporate governance practice is approached differently by separately surface area depending on the sophistication of the financial market in each country. The research paper further provided several 9 ecommendations to improve the application of the principles of corporate governance in the region as a whole. The impact of the corporation attitude toward their corporate governance on their financing decisions needs further investigation boastful the unique of the Saudi business environment and the mixed results of the accounting and finance research relating to the determinants of corporate capital structure. This is evident by the unique aspects of the business environment of Saudi Arabia which will be discussed in the spare-time activity paragraph. 3.Saudi business environm ent This section provides a general description of the environment of the Saudi business practices. The discussion will be directed to the most important environmental factors, as suggested by the literature. The main aspects of the Saudi business practices that will be discussed are the social, economical, and political systems. Also, some highlights will be granted to the 1965 confederacy Law that regulates the practice of Saudi businesses and the guidance of corporate governance issued by SACMA in 2006 which regulates corporate governance reporting.As a conservative golf-club, a significant number of Saudis are adherent to Islamic values such as avoiding loan interests. This does not mean there is no such type of transactions but to mean that the majority of Saudis do not openly feign such transactions. Saudi society is also characterized by the impact of the personality and power of particular individuals, the single-valued function of family and friend relationships over r egulations, privilege given to personal relationships over tasks, and the existence of a high level of secrecy (Al-Rumaihi 1997 Al-Nodel 2004). 0 The economy of Saudi Arabia is an oil-based economy and administration exercises strong holds over major economic activities. Since the discovery of oil in 1938, oil revenue represents the biggest contribution to the economy. In 1990s, it accounted for around 35% of noun phrase GDP, about 75% of government revenues, and 85% of export receipts (Economist Intelligence Unit, 2003). Table 1 presents the countrys budgetary revenues, expenditures and net surplus or ( famine) for the last three years. get into Table 1 here Similar to most developing countries, Saudi businesses are characterized by the domination of family businesses, the deep involvement of the government in the private sector, and the existence of a number of irrelevant-owned and controlled companies based on reefer venture agreements with internal companies. Al-Nodel (2004 ) reported that joint-stock companies represent only 1. 14% of the total number, and account for less than 40% of the total capital of the registered businesses.Since the type of businesses is mostly small to medium size companies, there was an apparent need for more foreign investors and involvement of the government in the private sector to carry some important activities which cannot be carried out or provided by local companies. This has left the country with significant number of foreign-owned and controlled companies based on joint venture agreements with domestic companies and significant involvement of government in some major business activities (Presley, 1984 Aba-Alkhail, 2001).The political system of Saudi Arabia is a monarchy, headed by the King. Within the political system, there are three legislative bodies, which have the authority to initiate and/or approve policies, regulation or rules the Council of 11 Ministers, the Consultative Council, and several(a) individual Ministries (Al-Amari, 1989 Al-Rumaihi, 1997). The legal system of Saudi Arabia is derived from Islamic law (Shariah Alquran Alkareem and Sunna Alsharifah3), and coded laws for a number of ad hoc fields, such as commerce, tax and labour.Al-Amari (1989) reported that Islamic law prevails in legal disputes. Two of the most important aspects of the Islamic values relating to corporate financing are that Islamic law prohibits loan interests whether giving or taking by individuals or business institutions and obligation of Zaket4 which should be giving, calculated based on the capital of the business or individual, and given to specialised groups as mentioned by Alquran Alkareem and Sunna Alsharifah.Taxes duty is impose on non-Saudi or Gulf States companies operate in Saudi Arabia. There are some differences between Zaket and Taxes whether on whom to impose, the manner of collection, or calculation. For example, Zaket is based on the wealth of the business with some specific deduction s for specific items as indicated by Shariah Alquran Alkareem and Sunna Alsharifah, while Tax is based on the net income with some deduction according to the law of Taxes. The 1965 alliance Law regulates the practice of businesses in Saudi Arabia.It sets conditions for several aspects of businesses such as legal frameworks through which business companies can be established, the registration requirements, minimum capital to be maintained, number of partners, number of directors, accounts, the 3 Alquran Alkareem is the Holly book of Islam and Sunna Alsharifah is the interpretations, speeches and actions of prophet Mohamed Peace be up on him. Alquran Alkareem and Sunna Alsharifah provide the main of Islamic instructions. 4 Zaket is a financial religious duty and represents the ternary pillar.Alquran Alkareem and Sunna Alsharifah explain to Muslim the compliance with the Zaket duty. 12 annual audit of the accounts, and so on. Shinawi and Crum (1971) asserted that the rail line of th e 1965 Saudi Company Law goes back to the British Companies Act of 1948. The similarity between the 1965 Saudi Company Law and the UK acts issued in 1948, 1967 and 1976 was also reported by Kahlid (1983). The reporting requirements which are imposed by the 1965 Company Law represent the only rules that should be observed.It requires the issuance of a balance sheet, a profit and sacking account, and a report on the companys operations and financial position every monetary year. It further stipulates that all corporations and limited liability companies must issue annual financial statements audited by an strong-minded auditor licensed to practice by the Saudi Ministry of Commerce and attention. Similar to stock markets in developing countries, the Saudi stock market is new and small. In 1984, the Royal Decree No. 81230 was issued as an tackle to officially regulate the stock ex dislodge (Abdeen and Dale, 1984 El-Sharkawy, 2006).Under this Royal Decree, the Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency (SAMA) was given actual control over the stock exchange through national commercial banks. The significant change was in 2003 when the Saudi Arabian Capital Market Authority (SACMA) was established to oversight the exchange of Saudi stocks (Ramady, 2005). This period observed significant increase of the number of listed companies, regulations for the market in general and reporting in specific. Table 2 compares some key numbers of the Saudi stock market between 1996- 2005. Insert Table 2 here 13For example, in 2006 SACMA issued a draft copy for reporting requirements of corporate governance for listed companies. The draft provides recommendations of the criteria for the best corporate governance practice that should listed companies counsel. It has covered to some extent the main five principles issued by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) the rights of shareholders, the equitable treatment of shareholders, the role of stakeholders in corporat e governance, disclosure and transparency, the province of the board of directors.According to the recommendations of SACMA, listed companies are required to report to SACMA about their compliance with the criteria of corporate governance as issued by SACMA or reasons for uncompliance if any. The disclosure contains, for example, the board of directors functions, responsibilities, formation, committees of board of directors audit committee nominating speech and Remuneration Committee Meetings of the panel and Remuneration and Indemnification of come on Members5.Finally, SACMA asserted that the criteria for the best corporate governance practice mostly constitutes the head principles for all listed companies unless any other regulations, laws or rules require such requirement. 4. Research hypotheses To examine the effect of corporate governance characteristics on financing decisions in Saudi Arabian listed companies we formulated three research hypotheses 5Detailed information a bout these regulations is discussed in the following articles (SACMA, 2006) clause 9 disclosure in the bestride of Directors Report Article 10 Main Functions of the mount up of Directors Article 11 Responsibilities of the Board Article 12 Formation of the Board Article 13 Committees of the Board Article 14 Audit Committee Article 15 Nomination and Remuneration Committee Article 16 Meetings of the Board Article 17 Remuneration and Indemnification of Board Members. 14 he effect of board size ownership concentration and corporate governance reporting on the debt-to-equity ratio as following. Board size guess Given that prior research investigating the association between board size and debt-to-equity ratios gave mixed result (see section 2), we also revisited this research area and examined the association between board size and capital structure for Saudi Arabian companies. We set the following first research theory for the impact of board size on capital structureH1 Ceteris parib us, there is a relationship between board size and debt-to-equity ratio. Ownership concentration hypothesis Given the results of the prior research are to some extent mixed, we also revisited this research area and examined the association between ownership concentration and capital structure for Saudi Arabian companies. We set the following second research hypothesis for the impact of ownership concentration on capital structure H2 Ceteris paribus, there is a relationship between ownership concentration and debt-to-equity ratio. Corporate governance reportingTo examine the role of the information environment on capital structure decision in Saudi Arabian companies, we used a corporate governance voluntary disclosure index as a measure of a firms information environment and set the 15 following third research hypothesis for the impact of corporate governance reporting on capital structure H3 Ceteris paribus, there is a relationship between corporate governance reporting and debt-t o-equity ratio. 5. Model Development In order to test the above hypotheses, we regress debt-to-equity ratio on some corporate governance characteristics and some control variables.The study will investigate the following model Levit = ? + ? ? X it + ? it Where Levit is defined as long term debt to equity ratio ? is the intercept. ? ? is the slope coefficient presages of regressors. X it is the corporate governance variables (and control variables) for firm i at time t. Dependent variable The dependent variable ( Levit ) is defined as the long term debt to equity ratio. Independent variables We have three independent variables and two control variables. We identified three types of corporate governance variables 1) Board size (BOARD) This represents the number of executive and non executive directors on the board. (2) Ownership concentration (OWNERSHIP) This represents the total percentage of the companys shares that owned by owners. 16 (3) Corporate governance reporting (DISCLOSUR E) This is calculated as the number of sentences that include at least one corporate governance related information. Control variables (1) Profitability (PROF) we used return on total assets as a measure for firms profitability. (2) Growth opportunity (MB) we used share price to book value ratio as a measure for firms growth opportunity. . Data Our data collection is based on a recent paper by Hussainey and Al-Nodel (2008). This helped us to focus on a group of firms that report corporate governance information on their websites. We focused on firms that disclose information through internet because prior research argued that internet reporting is one of the most important quotations of voluntary disclosure and this source is more likely to complement published annual reports (Aly et al, 2010). Hussainey and Al-Nodel (2008) collected their sample from Saudi listed companies websites between October 2005 and January 2006.At that time, the total number of companies listed in the Sau di Stock Market was 77 representing eight sectors agriculture, services, cement, industrial, banks, electrical, telecommunication and insurance. They used TADAWUL website (www. tdwl. net) and Google website (www. google. com) to accession every companys website. They deleted some companies from their analysis for a number of reasons. These include 11 firms without websites one firm with a website under construction and one firm with a restricted website. This reduced their sample to 64 companies. We also further excluded 27 firms because of missing corporate 7 governance and accounting information. This led to a sample of 37 listed firms for the current study. Data on debt-to-equity ratio, Board size, ownership concentration, profitability and price-to-book value ratio were collected from TADAWUL website. Following Hussainey and Al-Nodel (2008), we used the content analysis approach to measure the number of sentences that contain corporate governance information. Accordingly we use d the corporate governance disclosure index developed by Hussainey and AlNodel (2008) to analyse the content of every companys website. 7.Empirical Results This section discusses the descriptive analysis, the correlation analysis and the empirical results. Descriptive analysis Table 3 shows the descriptive analysis (mean, minimum, maximum and the standard deviation). It shows that on average the number of directors on board in Saudi Arabia companies is around 8, with a minimum of 4 members and a maximum of 11 members. Mean ownership concentration is 35. 6 and the mean corporate governance disclosure is 5 sentences with a minimum of nonentity corporate governance sentence and a maximum of 21 corporate governance sentences.A broad figure of speech of variation in financial variables is also evident in our sample. The debt-to-equity ratio ranges from 0 to 97 with a mean of 24. 52 and a standard deviation of 32. 576. The return on total assets ratio ranges from -37. 3 to 71. 74 with a mean of 8. 8535 and a standard deviation of 13. 81767. The share price to book value ratio ranges from 0 to 21 with a mean of 5. 03 and a standard deviation of 5. 336. On 18 average, our sample covers large firms as the mean firm size is 23240077. 81.Finally, our sample covers nine sectors as follows Banks (9 firms), chemic (8 firms) Cement (6 firms) Retailers (2) Energy (I firm) Agriculture (7 firms) Telecommunication (2 firms) Advertising (1 firm) and Insurance (1 firm). Insert table 3 here Table 4 shows the correlation analysis. The correlation between each of the independent variables is not too high. The highest correlation found between corporate governance disclosure and share price to book value ratio (MB) is 43. 5, which is acceptable. This confirms that no multicollinearity problem exists between the independent variables. Insert table 4 hereTable 5 shows our empirical results. It shows that the coefficient estimate on board size is positive significant with a p-value o f 0. 059 (see model 4). This is consistent with Jensen (1986) who also found a positive association between higher debt ratios and larger board size. Our finding indicates that larger board size puts Saudi Arabian firms in a good position to finance their activities by using debt. This is consistent with the fact that higher quality of corporate governance improves companies financial performance (Bhagat and Bolton, 2008) and hence leads increase the ability of the company to obtain debt.Liang and Zheng (2005) provided an explanation for this positive sign. They argued that boards with a large board size are more likely to have a difficulty in getting an agreement because of different and contravention opinions and views. Accordingly, firms with large number of directors on board might not choose equity financing which requires high transaction cost to resolve communication and coordination dilemma. In addition, they argued that 19 directors would choose debt for financing their ac tivities because this source of finance will not dilute the equity of current shareholders and change their current position.This leads us to accept hypothesis 1. Table 5 also shows that the coefficient estimate on ownership concentration is positive significant with a p-value of 0. 005 (see model 4). This result is consistent with Wiwattanakantang (1999) Al-Najjar and Hussainey (2010a). This indicates that when the total percentage of the companys shares is concentrated internally, managers will prefer to use debt to finance their companies activities. This is because as mentioned in Liang and Zheng (2005) debt will not dilute the equity of current shareholders and change their current position.This leads us to accept hypothesis 2. Insert table 5 here Finally, corporate governance disclosure as a proxy for asymmetric information between managers and investors is expected to be negative and statistically significant. However, Table 5 shows that the coefficient estimate of DISCLOS URE variable is positive, indicating that firms with higher levels of corporate governance disclosure (less information asymmetry) has higher debt-toequity ratio. This finding is statistically insignificant and not consistent with prior research. This leads us to deny hypothesis 3. . Conclusion The aim of this paper was to examine the effect of corporate governance mechanisms on capital structure for Saudi Arabian listed companies. Our results show that the corporate capital structure decisions in Saudi Arabia is goaded by some of the same corporate governance determinates suggested in prior research. Based on 20 a sample of 37 Saudi Arabian listed companies, our results show that the number of directors on boards and ownership concentration are the main drivers of Saudi companies for capital structure decisions.Our results, however, show that corporate governance reporting was not an important driver of Saudi companies for capital structure decisions. This might be due in part to the nature of the Saudi business environment where there is a weak reporting requirement of the practice of corporate governance in the country. This fact could have encourage parties to loan agreements approach different office to get the call for information rather than the traditional reporting mechanisms which is likely to be practical in a small community of businesses.This is also likely to be affected by the characteristics of Saudi society whereas the impact of the personality and power of particular individuals, the role of family and friend relationships prevail over regulations, and tasks, and the existence of a high level of secrecy. The main limitation of the study is that it did not cover the whole market so the sample may not be representative of the population of Saudi companies. This, however, is justified by the nature of the study, which relied on the availability of data needed. Further recheck was carried for companies which are not included.We found that thes e companies are in general small and less likely to affect the results. 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Com (Accessed on 10th July 2008). 24 Table (1) Saudi Arabia budgetary revenues, expenditures and net surplus or deficit 2005-2007 Annual government budgeting ( estimates ) Million Saudi Riyals ($1= 3. 75 SR ) pith Non-oil Total (Deficit)/ Oil revenues revenues revenues expendituresSurplus tally Amount % Amount % Amount Amount 2005 280000 220000 79% 60000 21% 280000 0 2006 390000 320000 82% 70000 18% 335000 55000 2007 400000 330000 83% 70000 17% 380000 20000 Source SAMA (Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency) annual report (2007). 25 Table (2) Key Figures of Saudi Stock Market between 1996-2005. YEAR 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 NO. OF TRANSACTIONS (THOUSAND)) 284 460 377 438 498 605 1,034 3,763 13,320 46,607 TRADED STOCK (MILLION) 138 314 295 528 555 692 1,736 5,566 10,298 12,281 Source TADAWUL website accessed on twenty-ninth September 2006 26 MARKET VALUE ($MILLIAR ) 46 59 43 61 68 73 75 157 306 650 INDEX 1,531 1,958 1,413 2,029 2,258 2,430 2,518 4,438 8,206 16,713 Table (3) Descriptive Statistics Industry Classification a) Descriptive Statistics N Minimum utmost Mean Std. Deviation Lev 37 0 97 24. 52 32. 576 Board 37 4 11 7. 89 1. 822 Ownership 36 .0 82. 7 35. 550 2 7. 7875 PROF 37 -37. 30 41. 74 8. 8535 13. 81767 MB 37 .00 66. 87 9. 9181 10. 56721 Total assets 37 0 Disclosure 37 0 136950480 23240077. 81 21 b) Industry Classification Sectors Number of firms Banks 9 Chemical 8 Cement 6 Retailers 2 Energy 1 Agriculture 7 Telecommunication 2Advertising 1 Insurance 1 27 5. 03 3. 888E7 5. 336 Table (4) correlational statistics analysis Disclosure Board Ownership Lev MB PROF 1. 000 .077 .246 .301 .435** -. 139 .649 .149 .070 .007 .410 37 37 36 37 37 37 Pearson coefficient of correlation .077 1. 000 .234 .395* .083 .212 Sig. (2-tailed) .649 .170 .016 .626 .207 Disclosure Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N Board N 37 37 36 37 37 37 .246 .234 1. 000 .504** .097 .064 .149 .170 .002 .574 .711 36 36 36 36 36 36 Pearson Correlation .301 .395* .504** 1. 000 .109 -. 062 Sig. (2-tailed) .070 .016 .002 .520 .716 37 37 36 37 37 37 .435** .083 .097 .109 1. 000 -. 019 .007 626 .574 .520 37 37 36 37 37 37 Pearson Correlation -. 139 .212 .064 -. 062 -. 019 1. 0 00 Sig. (2-tailed) .410 .207 .711 .716 .910 37 37 36 37 37 Ownership Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N Lev N MB Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N PROF N **. Correlation is significant at the 0. 01 level (2-tailed). *. Correlation is significant at the 0. 05 level (2-tailed). 28 .910 37 Table (5) Regression analysis 5. 1 Model summary R Square Adjusted R Square 1 .617 a .380 .277 28. 002 2 .616b .379 .299 27. 565 3 .602c .363 .303 27. 492 4 .576d .332 .291 27. 726 Model R Std. Error of the Estimate a.Predictors (Constant), PROF, MB, Ownership , Board , Disclosure b. Predictors (Constant), PROF, Ownership , Board , Disclosure c. Predictors (Constant), Ownership , Board , Disclosure d. Predictors (Constant), Ownership , Board 29 5. 2 ANOVA analysis e ANOVA Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Regression 14436. 181 5 2887. 236 3. 682 .010a Residual 23524. 187 30 784. 140 Total 37960. 368 35 Regression 14405. 109 4 3601. 277 4. 739 .004b Residual 23555. 258 31 759. 847 Total 3796 0. 368 35 Regression 13774. 798 3 4591. 599 6. 075 .002c Residual 24185. 570 32 755. 799 Total 37960. 368 35 Regression 2592. 380 2 6296. xcl 8. 190 .001d Residual 25367. 988 33 768. 727 Total 37960. 368 35 Model 1 2 3 4 a. Predictors (Constant), PROF, MB, Ownership , Board , Disclosure b. Predictors (Constant), PROF, Ownership , Board , Disclosure c. Predictors (Constant), Ownership , Board , Disclosure d. Predictors (Constant), Ownership , Board e. Dependent Variable Lev 30 5. 3 Coefficient estimates Coefficients Unstandardized Coefficients Model a Standardized Coefficients t Sig. -1. 839 .076 .315 2. 079 .046 .181 .400 2. 619 .014 1. 064 1. 032 .174 1. 031 .311 MB -. 101 .507 -. 032 -. 199 .844 PROF -. 311 .352 . 132 -. 886 .383 -39. 272 20. 901 -1. 879 .070 Board 5. 669 2. 696 .312 2. 102 .044 Ownership .475 .178 .401 2. 672 .012 Disclosure .971 .906 .159 1. 072 .292 PROF -. 315 .346 -. 134 -. 911 .369 -38. 586 20. 831 -1. 852 .073 Board 5. 185 2. 637 .285 1. 967 .058 Ownership .466 .177 .393 2. 630 .013 Disclosure 1. 113 .890 .182 1. 251 .220 (Constant) -35. 046 20. 814 -1. 684 .102 Board 5. 196 2. 659 .286 1. 954 .059 Ownership 4 .519 .173 .438 2. 990 .005 21. 252 5. 721 2. 752 .474 Disclosure 3 -39. 090 Ownership 2 Std. Error Board 1 B (Constant) (Constant) (Constant) a. Dependent Variable Lev 31 Beta